An educational guide to the different forms of cannabis-derived products and how their characteristics vary.
Cannabis-derived products exist in a variety of formulations, reflecting differences in manufacturing processes, cannabinoid composition and intended applications.
In Australia, medicinal cannabis products are regulated under therapeutic goods and controlled medicines legislation. Their availability and lawful supply depend on the particular product, its regulatory status and applicable prescribing requirements.
Understanding the differences between product formulations can help readers better interpret information about cannabis science, pharmaceutical manufacturing and medicinal cannabis regulation.
Cannabis contains naturally occurring chemical compounds known as cannabinoids.
Two of the most extensively studied are:
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
THC is a psychoactive cannabinoid associated with the intoxicating effects of cannabis. It can affect perception, coordination, memory and other functions.
Cannabidiol (CBD)
CBD is another cannabinoid that does not produce the characteristic intoxication associated with THC. However, CBD can still cause adverse effects and interact with other medicines.
Cannabis-derived formulations may contain THC, CBD or combinations of cannabinoids in varying concentrations.
Their effects depend on multiple factors, including formulation, route of administration and individual circumstances.
Dried cannabis flower consists of harvested and processed material from the cannabis plant.
Its composition varies according to factors such as plant genetics, cultivation conditions, harvesting, drying and storage.
Dried flower may contain different concentrations of cannabinoids and terpenes.
In medicinal settings, prescribed dried cannabis may be administered using an appropriate vaporisation device, subject to clinical advice and applicable product instructions.
Smoking introduces additional risks associated with combustion and inhalation of smoke and is not generally recommended as a method of administering medicinal cannabis.
Cannabis oils are liquid formulations containing cannabinoids, commonly dispersed or dissolved in a carrier oil.
Carrier oils may include medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil or other suitable pharmaceutical ingredients.
Different formulations may contain CBD, THC or combinations of cannabinoids.
Oils are commonly intended for oral administration, although the precise route depends on the product.
The absorption and effects of cannabinoids can vary according to the formulation, method of administration, food intake and individual metabolism.
Cannabis oils should not be assumed to be interchangeable merely because they contain similar cannabinoids.
Traditionally, a tincture refers to an extract prepared using alcohol as a solvent.
The term is sometimes used more broadly in commercial cannabis markets to describe liquid cannabinoid preparations, including